понедельник, 24 августа 2009 г.

Инфо. Аккредитив

Стоя в коридоре, ожидая встречи с потенциальным клиентом, я почувствовал необходимость восполнить пробел в знаниях. И позвонил руководителю с вопросом «А что такое аккредитив».

Аккредитив – очередной способ взаимодействия с поставщиков, точнее способ оплаты за поставку товара/услуги. Здесь между покупателем и продавцом возникает третье лицо – банк.

Суть:

  1. Покупатель с поставщиком заключают договор, предусматривающий аккредитивную форму расчетов
  2. Покупатель подает в банк заявление на открытие аккредитива в пользу продавца
  3. Банк извещает поставщика об открытии аккредитива
  4. Поставщик отгружает товар, готовит документы и предоставляет их в банк
  5. Производится оплата против документов
  6. Банк передает документу покупателю.

А зачем вообще здесь банк, если мы просто можем рассчитаться с поставщиком? Основное преимущество:

  • аккредитивы часто используют при международных сделках, чтобы получить дополнительные гарантии оплаты. Тогда участвуют несколько банков: в стране покупателя и стране продавца. В данном случае банк является гарантом, ведь он рискует потерять свою лицензию, если не перечислит деньги продавцу при подаче необходимых документов.

Два варианта взаимодействия покупателя с банком:

  • банк замораживает какую-то сумму клиента, из которой будет оплачиваться поставка от продавца. Это называется «аккредитив с покрытием».
  • для особо крупных и надежных клиентов банк берет на себя платеж. Получается что-то типа кредита, или овер-драфта. Это называется «аккредитив с постфинансированием».

Из этих двух вариантов могут быть комбинации. Например, клиент должен дать банку только 70% нужной суммы, а на 30% идет кредитование.

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